Artemisia Malaria Remedy in SinoSphere 4Millenia

 
09/04 ---- 3Human ------ k172 ---- 06/09: {lot} - 17/04: {ctc}
 https://rumble.com/v4o858w-fertility-limiting-ivermectin-rediscovered-in-china-in-an-ancient-tomb-year.html
i happen to mention the Chinese Nobel Prize for Artemisia work awarded in '15.
3 years ago, the WHO tried to kill this 'competitor', earmarking it 'not fit for internal use', iow, a mandatory labeling that lumps it in w dangers, .. with unsavories at the very least], check this only 1m vid.
It refs/shows 'microbiology letters, 362, 2015, fnv199' ....
... i'll get back to that but first, from a comment:

djh1999
15 hours ago

So that part of the article was dealing with Artemesia Annua not Ivermectin...

Artemisia annua L. (the sweet wormwood) has been used for thousands of years by Chinese herbalists and traditional healers as a treatment for malignant malaria, with evidence of use dating back to the Wushi'er Bingfang (‘Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments’), an ancient text discovered in 1973 in a tomb dating from 163 BC (Hsu 2006). In the 1970s, it was definitively demonstrated that A. annua L. extracts had anti-malarial activities in animal models and in 1972

Now you can look into the Madagascar Protocol for covid "Artemesia Annua and Ivermectin" - kinda a fun combination

http://www.spentamexico.org/v15-n3/A1.15(3)1-35.pdf
Madagascar Protocol to Treat COVID 19
Two Mechanism:
Artemisia annua Targeting Ferritin & Ivermectin Stopping Viral Replication
Dr. Jose Luis Abreu (Author)
Dr. Jennifer Hibberd (Editor)

Dr. Jose Luis Abreu is President of Spenta University Mexico (Monterrey, Mexico) and author of Artemisia in times of ConDemix paper all of 34 pages .. 

one of the refs asks:

Is ferritin the product of inflammation or a pathogenic mediator?


the paper itself tries to affirm the latter, 'ferritin feeds/fuels CS [i capitalized the spellout i this quote from page 10 of 36]:
Finally, they reported that laboratory findings in patients with severe COVID-19 showed data consistent with CYTOKINE STORM involving elevated inflammatory markers, including ferritin, which has been associated with critical and life-threatening illness.



"Garrick and Ghio (2020 in Abobaker, 2000) explained that inflammation induced by COVID-19 infection increases the hepcidin level, the main regulator of tissue iron store. It has been proposed that the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has hepcidin-like action, which means that the virus can directly increase ferritin level regardless of the inflammatory effect."


the swiss 'pharmafiyant' Hanspeter Strobel i linked to yesterday claims kurkumin combines well with artemisia

an even larger failing of this paper is that it makes exactly 1 mention of the ph levels and a mere throw away aside at that on page 15 .... a mistake, given Ph guides friend or foe distinquishment, making ClO2 and H2O2 such safe therapies. Their bets are on the "endoperoxide bridge", whatevs thadiz.

a few more 'voorlopige' ['prowluminary'] jots:
Medspot in Madagascar, IMRA / 1957 funded by profits from Madecassol -- centella asiatica derive--
A & S Rakoto Ratsimamanga run IMRA in Antananarivo
Gvt certified since 2012 -- they carried out 20 [TWENTY] Artemisia studies since 1975

Covid-Organics = artemisia, abundant on Malagasy soil ... was used on 'couph duh covid convirID' recoup upon con  [couponcon for shorters] & coerciollywop

Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of all artemisinin compounds (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, etc.)

page 16
The study of Yang et al (2014) demonstrated that artesunate treatment activates lysosomal function and then promotes ferritin degradation, subsequently leading to the increase in the lysosomal iron which is utilized by artesunate for its cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, intracellular iron and ferritin degradation is essential for artesunate-induced lysosomal activation and cell death.

so you dangle valuable prey in front of baaaad cellspiracies but then refuse to let go when they try claim it, bit the bait and attempt to occupy, usurp, consume, steal it .... OK, ... guess i got it thus far ...

page 14
adding vitC enhances A'nins


-------------------------------------------------
Mark's source -read off the screen, not readily available:
10.1093/femsle/fnv199
https://nlist.inflibnet.ac.in/search/Search2Record/10.1093_femsle_fnv199
On artemisinin, avermectins and Nobel Prizes by Rich Boden
Published in FEMS Microbiology Letters (2015)
the title search gets me a copy:
https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/362/23/fnv199/2467436?login=false


FEMS Microbiology Letters, 362, 2015, fnv199
doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnv199
Advance Access Publication Date: 20 October 2015
Editorial: On artemisinin, avermectins and Nobel Prizes

piet: please note, 'flattening' the pdf reverses the column sequence ....

As a microbiologist, I was delighted when I read the news that
the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 was awarded
for the development of anti-parasite therapies to microbiolo-
gist Professor Satoshi Ōmura (Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan),
parasitologist Professor William C. Campbell (Drew Univer-
sity, Madison, NJ, USA) and pharmaceutical chemist Professor
Youyou Tu (China Academic of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Beijing, China). As an Editor-In-Chief, I was also delighted to
note that Professor Ōmura has previously published in FEMS
Microbiology Letters (Inokoshi et al. 1993; Mogi et al. 2008)! In
addition to all three Nobel Laureates being awarded for their
anti-parasite work, all of the anti-parasite drugs involved are
natural products, be they extracted from plants or from Bac-
teria. It is particularly exciting for me that Professor Ōmura
was honoured, joining the long list of microbiologists to have
been awarded Nobel Prizes—including but not limited to Robert
Koch (1905, for development of some of the fundamental meth-
ods of bacteriology that are still in use, and for proof that My-
cobacterium tuberculosis was the causative agent of tuberculosis);
Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Ernst B. Chain and Lord Howard W.
Florey (1945, for discovery and development of penicillin); Sel-
man A. Waksman (1952, discovery of streptomycin—on a more
personal note, Professor Waksman was also Ph.D. supervisor
and collaborator of Professor Robert L. Starkey, maker of sig-
nificant advances in sulfur metabolism in the 1930s—my own
area of research—we work with Starkey’s ‘Culture B’ in my lab-
oratory as one of our ‘workhorse’ bugs); George W. Beadle, Ed-
ward L. Tatum and Joshua Lederberg (1958, discovery of ge-
netic recombination in Escherichia coli and proving relationship
between genes and proteins); Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff and
Jacques Monod (1965, discoveries around gene regulation in the Bacteria—though Monod’s greatest advance to my physiologist mind is still the very fundamental kinetic work he did surrounding continuous cultures); and Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel (1988, determination of the structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre of Blastochloris viridis (then ‘Rhodopseudomonas viridis’).
The 2015 Prize was awarded for two distinct pieces of work—
one on plants, one on Bacteria—but since I feel I can’t ignore
Professor Tu’s work (she did get 50% of the prize share, after
all!), I’m going to discuss that of all the prize winners—firstly,
the discovery and development of artemisinin (formerly known
as ‘arteannuin’ and also termed quinghāosù in Mandarin) as an
anti-microbial targeting Plasmodium falciparum (causative agent
of malignant malaria). This is actually a much longer story than
that involving Professor Tu’s work over the last 45 or so years.
Artemisia annua L. (the sweet wormwood) has been used for thousands of years by Chinese herbalists and traditional healers as a treatment for malignant malaria, with evidence of use dating back to the Wushi’er Bingfang (‘Recipes for FiftyTwo Ailments’), an ancient text discovered in 1973 in a tomb dating
from 163 BC (Hsu 2006). In the 1970s, it was definitively demonstrated that A. annua L. extracts had anti-malarial activities in animal models and in 1972, Professor Tu isolated and described
artimesinin itself as part of the Chinese military’s Project 523 (a
period of her work that she evocatively self-reviewed for Nature
Medicine; Tu 2011). The commercial production and widespread
worldwide use of artemisinin alone and in combination with
other drugs (efficacy of use with other drugs was discussed in
this journal as part of a mini-review by Bell 2005) has saved
countless lives and the story of the drug’s discovery and use
is a powerful example of the need to examine natural products
and to re-assess traditional medicines in drug discovery, rather
than reliance on creating drugs de novo. Obviously, one can-
not discuss any drug without mention of the ever-encroaching
black shadow of drug resistance, and resistance to artemisinin
and its derivatives is sadly rising (reviewed by Vanaerschot
et al. 2014).
The second piece of work honoured this year by the Nobel
Commission—and this is where the microbiology comes in—
was the discovery of avermectins, a class of macrocyclic lactones
that are active against parasitic worms such as Onchocerca volvu-
lus (causative agent of onchocerciasis or ‘river blindness’) and
Wuchereria bancrofti (one of the agents that causes elephantia-
sis tropica, also known as lymphatic filariasis). Avermectins are
the natural fermentation products of Streptomyces avermitilis, a
species first isolated by Professor Ōmura’s team in 1978 from
Japanese soil. The first descriptions of the species and those of
avermectins were published by the teams of Professor Ōmura
and Professor Campbell in a series of publications in 1979 (Burg
et al. 1979; Egerton et al. 1979). The species was later revisited and
the name validly published by Kim and Goodfellow (2002). Nu-
merous studies into the biosynthesis of avermectins in S. aver-
mitilis have taken place along with those of the relevant regula-
tory pathways and optimisation of production—with several in
FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (including Novák et al. 1990, 1992 and Chen
et al. 2009). The gene cluster involved in biosynthesis of aver-
mectins was sequenced by (Ikeda et al. 1999) Professor Ōmura’s
team and was found to encode four giant multifunctional pep-
tides (AVES 1, AVES 2, AVES 3 and AVES 4) that made up the aver-
mectin polyketide synthase complex—a complex containing 55
active sites—one of the most complex multifunctional enzyme
systems known—so even for a physiologist and biochemist such
as myself with no interest whatsoever in anti-parasitics or drug discovery, the work of Professor Ōmura’s team in this area marks
a phenomenal advance in enzymology, biochemistry and molec-
ular biology.
It is wonderful to see microbiology hitting the headlines
as 2015 draws to a close and to see the significant contribu-
tions towards disease control and the countless lives saved
around the world honoured by the Nobel Commission in this
way. No greater honour exists for a scientist and it is always
a collective pleasure when a prize winner comes from our
field.

Copywrong: FEMS 2015 journals.permissions@oup.com

REFERENCES
Bell A. Antimalarial drug synergism and antagonism: mechanis-
tic and clinical significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005;253:171–
84.
Burg RW, Miller BM, Baker EE, et al. Avermectins, a new
family of potent antihelminthic agents: producing or-
ganism and fermentation. Antimicrob Agents Ch 1979;15:
361–7.
Chen L, Chen J, Jiang Y, et al. Transcriptomics analyses reveal
global roles of the regulator Avel in Streptomyces avermitilis.
FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009;298:199–207.

Rich Boden
School of Biological Sciences and Sustainable
Earth Institute, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus,
Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
E-mail: rich.boden@plymouth.ac.uk

Egerton JR, Ostlind DA, Blair LS, et al. Avermectins, a new family
of potent antihelminthic agents: efficacy of the B1a compo-
nent. Antimicrob Agents Ch 1979;15:372–8.
Hsu E. Reflections on the ‘discovery’ of the antimalarial qinghao.
Brit J Clin Pharmaco 2006;61:666–70.
Ikeda H, Nonomiya T, Usami M, et al. Organisation of the
biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide antihelmintic
macrolide avermectin in Streptomyces avermitilis. P Natl Acad
Sc. 1999;96:9509–14.
Inokoshi J, Takeshima H, Ōmura S. Identification of precursor
peptide of aculeacin A acylase as a protein with proteolytic
activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993;114:305–10.
Kim SB, Goodfellow M. Streptomyces avermitilis sp. nov., nom. rev.,
a taxonomic home for the avermectin-producing strepto-
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Microbiol Lett 2008;291:157–61.
Novák J, Hájek P, Řezanka T, et al. Nitrogen regulation of fatty
acids and avermectins biosynthesis in Streptomyces avermi-
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Novák J, Řezanka T, Koza T, et al. Biosynthesis of avermectins
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Chinese medicine. Nat Med 2011;17:1217–20.
Vanaerschot M, Huijben S, Van den Broeck F, et al. Drug resis-
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ios for an evolutionary arms race. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014;38:
41–55.


 2015 Nobel in Phys of Med

artemisinin (formerly known as ‘arteannuin’ and also termed quinghāosù in Mandarin)
.. heals malaria .. as per ancient text from 163 BC (Hsu 2006) discovered in 1973
Plasmodium falciparum (causative agent of malignant malaria).

 resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives is sadly rising (reviewed by Vanaerschot et al. 2014).
Prof Youyou Tu of Bejing TradMed academic got half the prize money over her 2 colaborators, she worked with the plant since 1972

Avermectins are
the natural fermentation products of Streptomyces avermitilis, a
species first isolated by Professor Ōmura’s team in 1978 from
Japanese soil.

the avermectin polyketide synthase complex .. 'kintones' 55
active sites —one of the most complex multifunctional enzyme
systems known—

E-mail: rich.boden@plymouth.ac.uk